Viral Diseases that Affect Donkeys and Mules

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Donkeys and Mules

Preoperative evaluation In order to get an accurate preoperative evaluation on a donkey or mule, it is important to recognize some of the differences, from horses, which may impact anesthetic management. Only a few of these differences will be discussed, but hopefully, they will serve as a constant reminder that the anesthetist must be on the look-out for differences rather than ASSuming the pa...

Anesthetic Management of Donkeys and Mules

Comparing the physiological and biochemical parameters of mules and hinnies to horses and donkeys

Mules and hinnies are hybrid offspring from donkeys (Equus asinus) and horses (Equus caballus). Little scientific information is known regarding mules and even less is known about hinnies the reciprocal cross. There have only been a few studies that have attempted to define commonalities and differences of these hybrids especially in terms of comparing and contrasting them to their sires and da...

Assessment of the welfare of working horses, mules and donkeys, using health and behaviour parameters.

Working animals provide an essential transport resource in developing countries worldwide. Many of these animals are owned by poor people and work in harsh environments, so their welfare is a cause for concern. A protocol was developed to assess the welfare of working horses, mules and donkeys in urban and peri-urban areas, using direct observation of health and behaviour parameters. In this st...

Social relations in a mixed group of mules, ponies and donkeys reflect differences in equid type.

Donkeys and mules are frequently kept as companion animals for horses and ponies, with these different equids often being considered a homogenous group. However, the extent to which domestic equids form inter-specific bonds and display similar social behaviour when living in a mixed herd has not previously been studied. Here we compare the social organization of these three (sub)species when ho...